New Terror Weapons Being Used in Gaza

White Phosphorous and Dense Inert Metal Explosives: Is Israel Using Banned and Experimental Munitions in Gaza?

(from Democracy Now -- Jan. 14, 2009)

Israel is coming under increasing criticism for its possible use of banned and experimental munitions. Human Rights Watch has accused Israel of illegally firing white phosphorous, which causes horrific burns if it comes in contact with the skin, over crowded refugee camps in Gaza. Medics and human rights groups are also reporting that they are seeing injuries distinctive of another controversial weapon, Dense Inert Metal Explosive, known as DIME, that was designed by the US Air Force in 2006. Those struck by the weapon who survive suffer severe mutilations and internal injuries. We go to the Gaza border to speak with Marc Garlasco of Human Rights Watch and to Norway to speak with Dr. Mads Gilbert, who just returned from the Shifa Hospital in Gaza City. He says Gaza is “truly a scene from Dante’s Inferno.” [includes rush transcript]



Guests:
Marc Garlasco, senior military analyst for Human Rights Watch. He is on the northern border of Gaza.
Dr. Mads Gilbert, a Norwegian doctor who worked at Al Shifa hospital in Gaza during the Israeli assault.

AMY GOODMAN: As the assault on Gaza enters its nineteenth day, Israel is coming under increasing criticism for its possible use of banned and experimental munitions. Human Rights Watch has accused Israel of illegally firing white phosphorous over crowded refugee camps in Gaza. White phosphorous shells cause horrific burns if they come in contact with the skin. Under international law, phosphorus is allowed as a smokescreen to cover troop movements and protect soldiers or to be used for illumination, but it’s considered illegal if used against people.
In addition to white phosphorous, medics and human rights groups are reporting they are seeing injuries distinctive of another controversial weapon. The munition, called DIME, for dense inert metal explosive, was designed to create a powerful blast over a small area. It was developed by the US Air Force in 2006. Those struck by the weapon who survive suffer severe mutilations and internal injuries. The weapon causes the tissue to be torn from the flesh. Unlike traditional munitions, there is said to be no shrapnel. Instead, particles of metals can be found in the bodies of those affected. Those residues have been found on victims in Gaza.
Israel has denied it’s using either white phosphorous or DIME weapons.
Joining us now on the phone from Norway is one of the doctors who first accused Israel of using the DIME explosives: Dr. Mads Gilbert, an expert in emergency medicine. He and his colleague Erik Fosse have just returned from the Shifa Hospital in Gaza City, where they were volunteering through the aid organization NORWAC. Shifa Hospital is the largest hospital in Gaza.
We’re also joined by Marc Garlasco on the northern border of Gaza. He is a senior military analyst for Human Rights Watch, investigating Israel’s use of white phosphorus.
Marc Garlasco, on the border in Gaza, I want to start with you. You worked for the Pentagon. You know your weapons well. What are you seeing?
MARC GARLASCO: Well, when you stand on the border of Gaza, you watch every day as white phosphorus rounds are lobbed over with 155-millimeter artillery. We watch as Cobra and Apache gunships fly in and do strafing runs, run after run after run. You can see Heron drones overhead dropping bombs, additionally F-16s, and F-16s come in occasionally to drop aerial ordnance. It’s much quieter now than it was days ago. But still, it’s a continuous barrage, particularly lately on the refugee camps and in closer to Gaza City, which is where we’re looking at.
AMY GOODMAN: Now, you’re making a very serious accusation: the use of white phosphorus as a weapon, as opposed to illumination or a smokescreen. What evidence do you have of this?
MARC GARLASCO: Well, we have not stated that Israel is using it as a weapon. We’ve clearly stated that we’re standing on the border, observing day after day the Israeli Defense Forces firing white phosphorus into the refugee camps and Gaza City. Now, we are not there on the ground to observe any further how it’s being used. I’m about like, say, a mile away. And so, from that distance, you can see very precisely that it’s going in. Whether it’s being used as—you know, right now, we can tell it’s being used as an obscurant, but we have no further information to state whether or not they’re using it as a weapon, and we have not stated that.
AMY GOODMAN: In terms of what happens when it comes in contact with the skin?
MARC GARLASCO: Well, clearly, I would say we need to talk to Dr. Gilbert about the specifics, but from our understanding, you’re looking at third-degree burns that continue to burn until the fuel is exhausted. Fuel from white phosphorus burns for approximately five to ten minutes, as it’s creating the smoke, and if it goes onto the skin, it has to be removed. Otherwise, it will continue to burn.
And that’s clearly one of our gravest concerns. Our concern is that Israel is not taking all feasible precautions to spare the civilians from harm and that we’re going to see civilian casualties from white phosphorus use. You know, it cannot determine who is a target, who is a military target, and who’s a civilian, because it covers an area up to 250 meters in diameter, quite large. And these are densely populated refugee camps we’re talking about.
AMY GOODMAN: Let me go to Dr. Mads Gilbert, who has just returned from Gaza, the Shifa Hospital. He’s back in Norway right now. What did you see, in terms of the casualties, both when it comes to white phosphorus and also with this new weapon that you have been talking about called DIME?
DR. MADS GILBERT: I will answer that, but I think it’s important to understand that the most devastating weapon they are currently using is actually the siege of Gaza, which has been on for eighteen months, which means a lot of starvation, lack of food, water, power supplies, medicines, napkins, anything that people need to live. So it’s one-and-a-half million people who basically is now without their absolutely necessary means for living their lives, and that is, of course, illegal.
When it comes to the weaponry, we did not see clear evidence in patients that we received that they had been hit by white phosphorous, but we were told by the doctors and colleagues in Shifa that during the first days of the invasion, the ground invasion, they had seen this affecting as a side effect of the smokescreen use of the white phosphorus. And that was inhalation injuries, meaning that people have been breathing the phosphorus damp into their lungs, and burns. Also, by the end of our mission, when we left, there were fierce attacks in the south, and again the doctors in the European Hospital in South Gaza reported the same thing: burns and inhalation injuries. So it seems like my expert on the [inaudible] is right, that using such chemical means in so densely populated areas, as Gaza is, you will evidently have to affect also the civilians.
When it comes to the DIME weapons, we have seen a substantial number of amputations, where the amputees do not have shrapnel injuries. On the contrary, they have torn apart their legs, often one or two or even three limbs, their arm also. Some of them are beyond salvage, because the amputations are so high and so fierce that it also affects the lower part of the body. Some are survivable. But typical for these amputations is that there is no sign of metal fragments or shrapnel. It is only this very brutal amputations caused by some extreme power and small rice grain, rice, corn, pieces of some kind of substance, not metal, but—you know, the DIME weapon is a mixture of metals, nickel and cobalt, in a composite cast, not in a metal cast. And that’s explaining why you don’t see shrapnel.
The additional effect in animal studies on the DIME weapon is that the residuals in the muscle in mice will cause a very severe form of muscle cancer called rhabdomyosarcoma, which easily spreads to the lungs. This remains to be shown.
I underline we don’t have proof, but we have strong evidence that these amputations we’ve been seeing in Gaza for the last eleven days must come from some type of weapon that we don’t know of.
AMY GOODMAN: Can you explain more fully these kinds of amputations, Dr. Gilbert?
DR. MADS GILBERT: You know, often, if you have a grenade amputation or an amputation from any kind of metal fragment, it will be more like you had a hatch or an ax or a huge knife that cut through your bone and the muscle. What we see in these suspected DIME amputations is that the whole limb is crushed in a way that must suggest some sort of immense power that has hit the lower part of the body. And we know that these small bombs, which the DIME bombs are, explodes in a way so that it will mainly affect the lower limbs. The limbs are—you will have multiple very severe fractures. The muscles are sort of split from the bones, hanging loose. And you also have quite severe burns where this energy wave has hit.
If you look at pictures from sites where these patients have come, you don’t see fragments in the walls in the house around, maybe fifteen, twenty meters apart from the explosions. And you see only some stripes of power in the sand on the ground, and these actually are the examples that the power dissipates very quickly, maybe within five or ten meters of the explosion, so that you will not have this kind of collateral damage, as it’s called. But in Gaza, again, so densely populated, that these DIME weapons will have a devastating effect. Also, they are, by some, classified as nuclear weapons.
AMY GOODMAN: Nuclear weapons?
DR. MADS GILBERT: Well, the EU Commission on nuclear matters have stated clearly that these weapons, since they are based on a fission process, you need to investigate more the residuals, if that is radioactive. That has not been done. It was not done in Lebanon in 2006, when these weapons were first described. And it has not been done in Gaza in 2006 and now this—I saw the similar injuries in Gaza around Easter 2006—excuse me, 2008, that is, during the incursions in Jabalya, exactly the same types. And I believe there are some sixty-six cases described at Shifa Hospital before this war.
AMY GOODMAN: Marc Garlasco, you worked for the Pentagon. These DIME weapons, dense inert metal explosive, were developed by the US Air Force. Do you know about them?
MARC GARLASCO: Well, only what we’ve read about. I mean, I left the Pentagon long before these were developed. These weapons were developed in 2006, so they’re extraordinarily new. I’ve been on a number of battlefields, and one of the problems is that from what we’ve read in literature, when the DIME explodes, you’re looking at no residual pieces. And so, it becomes very problematic to go in on an investigation looking for forensic evidence, when it, in effect, eats itself up in the explosion.
And you have to remember, these weapons, interestingly, were developed to save civilians, to minimize civilian casualties, so that if the weapon explodes and kills anyone within the blast radius of, let’s say, ten meters to twenty meters, it immediately drops off in power, and so no one dies outside that area, whereas the standard bomb today, when it explodes, you have many hundreds of meters of blast and fragmentation damage. So if it is, in fact, being used, which we have no proof that it is, and civilians are dying, it’s most interesting, sadly, that it was originally developed to, in fact, spare civilians from harm.
AMY GOODMAN: Marc Garlasco of Human Rights Watch, if DIME isn’t yet licensed, technically still under development, would the US have to give permission to Israel to use it?
MARC GARLASCO: Well, the US has very strict requirements, as far as when a weapon finally gets through its process of acceptance, where it gets both a legal and a medical review, as well as effectiveness review. It remains to be seen how Israel has acquired the technology, whether they purchased weapons from the United States under some agreement, or if they’ve in fact licensed or developed their own type of munition.
To be honest with you, we have to remember one thing. At this point, there are a lot of rumors, and nothing has yet been substantiated. Only until we’re able to get on the ground and do the work that Israel is stopping us from doing will we really know what’s going on in Gaza.
AMY GOODMAN: Explain that further. We’re talking to you on the border. Why aren’t you in Gaza right now, Mark Garlasco?
MARC GARLASCO: Well, Israel refuses to allow the international media and human rights monitors entry into Gaza. And I have worked in Gaza numerous times, and this is the first time that we’ve been denied access. We do have one individual, who is our Palestinian worker, who’s in Gaza right now. His father was killed by the Israelis earlier this week, and his house was destroyed yesterday in an air strike. And his wife is giving birth today. So he’s got a lot going on in his life. Our thoughts are with him and all the other Palestinian civilians there, with the Israelis who are coming under fire from the Hamas rockets. And hopefully, we will see this end very soon, and we will be able to get in on the ground and do our investigations.
AMY GOODMAN: And finally, Dr. Mads Gilbert, you’ve just come back from Gaza. You worked in the hospital. We were talking about white phosphorus. We were talking about DIME. But the condition in the hospitals right now?
DR. MADS GILBERT: Well, I have to underline what my friend on the border is saying. There’s been a palpable absence of international presence. In fact, Dr. Fosse and myself were the only two Westerners in Gaza for those first ten days we stayed there. And it’s absolutely incomprehensible that we, in 2009, we do not have the press on such war ground as Gaza is. And I think also it’s urgent to have international agencies come in and exactly do the examination on the ground to find out what kind of weapons are used.
The condition in Shifa Hospital and in the other hospitals in Gaza is horrifying. I’ve been to Gaza for the last ten years, in and out, teaching and training people in the medical field. I’ve never seen anything like this. I mean, all windows in the Shifa Hospital are out, due to the bombing of the mosque across the street. They have very unstable electricity. They lack supplies, disposables, surgical equipment, trolleys, beds even. They have a fantastic staff, who are working heroically to save their patients, but we have been doing surgery with, almost regularly, two patients in each OR, on the wall, on the floor, in the corridors. The lifts are barely working. The ICU had to triple its capacity with makeshift ICUs.
It is really, truly a scene from Dante’s Inferno. It is these loads of patients coming in. We had 120, 130 patients coming a day, children, women. And I would say approximately 90 percent—I repeat, 90 percent—of the killed and injured that we have seen are civilians. Up ’til yesterday, 971 people have been killed; of them, one of three is a child below eighteen. 4,500 injuries, as of yesterday at 4:00; among them, every second is a woman or a child. So this is really targeting civilian Palestinian population. And we had a large number of pediatric cases with head injuries, with complicated fractures—
AMY GOODMAN: Dr. Mads Gilbert, we’re going to have to leave it there. I thank you for being with us, Norwegian doctor, just back from Gaza. Marc Garlasco, still on the Gaza border—Israel won’t let him into Gaza—with Human Rights Watch. Human Rights Watch has called for Israel to stop using white phosphorus in military operations.

A prayer-poem for 2009 / Um poema-reza para 2009

Idea and Deed
(Will Oldham, after Dick Gaughan version)

what's the winter's cold negative press
what's the spring with its air of rebirth
to those felled under wildest duress
trading freedom for a false sense of worth
let the love of our own sacred rites
to the love of our people succeed
let friendship and future unite
and flourish in idea and deed
let the costume distinguish the strong
place riches in lowest esteem
it's for excess that people do wrong
and to liberty honesties lean
letting one minute go on
without seeing yourself with an eye
that is watchful and kindly and strong
is as letting the soul drop and die

----------------------------

o que é o peso frio negativo do inverno
o que é a primavera sem seu ar de renascimento
para eles vencidos pelo mais selvagem encarceramento
trocando liberdade por um falso sentido de valor
que o amor para nossos ritos sagrados
seja sucedido pelo amor para nosso povo
que amizade e futuro se unam
e florescam em ideia e façanha
que o desfarce distinga os fortes
que se ponham as riquezas na menor valorização
é por excesso que as pessoas fazem mal
e para liberdade que a honestidade tende
deixar um minuto passar
sem se olhar com um olho
que seja atento e bondoso e forte
é como deixar a alma cair e falecer

novo acordo ortográfico

Arrrgh! Acabei de aprender as regras agora velhas! Estou postando aqui algumas das novas, para minha referência .... Sendo muito cínico quanto a esta "reforma," acho boa principalmente para estimular a venda de dicionários atualizados, encher o saco dos professores, e, quem sabe, consolidar um grande monopólio editorial lusofonista ....
-------------------

25/12/2008 - 22h00
Conheça regras de acentuação do novo acordo ortográfico
da Folha Online

O Acordo Ortográfico da Língua Portuguesa, que entra em vigor em 2009, vai alterar a acentuação de algumas palavras, extinguir o uso do trema e sistematizar a utilização do hífen, entre outras mudanças significativas. No Brasil, palavras como "heróico", "idéia" e "feiúra", por exemplo, deixarão de ser acentuadas.

O livro "Escrevendo Pela Nova Ortografia" , feito pelo Instituto Houaiss em parceria com a Publifolha, apresenta o acordo na íntegra, com observações e explicações sobre o que mudou. Saiba mais sobre todas as mudanças e veja mais informações sobre o livro.

Veja abaixo as novas regras de acentuação para oxítonas, paroxítonas e proparoxítonas, retiradas do livro.
*
Divulgação

Da acentuação gráfica das palavras oxítonas
1º-) Acentuam-se com acento agudo:
As palavras oxítonas terminadas nas vogais tónicas/tônicas abertas grafas -a, -e ou -o, seguidas ou não de -s: está, estás, já, olá; até, é, és, olé, pontapé(s); avó(s), dominó(s), paletó(s), só(s).
Obs.: Em algumas (poucas) palavras oxítonas terminadas em -e tónico/tônico, geralmente provenientes do francês, esta vogal, por ser articulada nas pronúncias cultas ora como aberta ora como fechada, admite tanto o acento agudo como o acento circunflexo: bebé ou bebê, bidé ou bidê, canapé ou canapê, caraté ou caratê, croché ou crochê, guiché ou guichê, matiné ou matinê, nené ou nenê, ponjé ou ponjê, puré ou purê, rapé ou rapê.
O mesmo se verifica com formas como cocó e cocô, ró (letra do alfabeto grego) e rô. São igualmente admitidas formas como judô, a par de judo, e metrô, a par de metro.
b) As formas verbais oxítonas, quando, conjugadas com os pronomes clíticos lo(s) ou la(s), ficam a terminar na vogal tónica/tônica aberta grafada -a, após a assimilação e perda das consoantes finais grafadas -r, -s ou -z: adorá-lo(s) (de adorar-lo(s)), á-la(s) (de ar-la(s) ou dá(s)-la(s)), fá-lo(s) (de faz-lo(s)), fá-lo(s)-ás (de far-lo(s)-ás), habitá-la(s) iam (de habitar-la(s)- iam), trá-la(s)-á (de trar-la(s)-á);
c) As palavras oxítonas com mais de uma sílaba terminadas no ditongo nasal grafado em (exceto as formas da 3ª- pessoa do plural do presente do indicativo dos compostos de ter e vir: retêm, sustêm; advêm, provêm; etc.) ou -ens: acém, detém, deténs, entretém, entreténs, harém, haréns, porém, provém, provéns, também;
d) As palavras oxítonas com os ditongos abertos grafados -éi, -éu ou -ói, podendo estes dois últimos ser seguidos ou não de -s: anéis, batéis, fiéis, papéis; céu(s), chapéu(s), ilhéu(s), véu(s); corrói (de corroer), herói(s), remói (de remoer), sóis.

2º-) Acentuam-se com acento circunflexo:
a) As palavras oxítonas terminadas nas vogais tónicas/tônicas fechadas que se grafam -e ou -o, seguidas ou não de -s: cortês, dê, dês (de dar), lê, lês (de ler), português, você(s); avô(s), pôs (de pôr), robô(s);
b) As formas verbais oxítonas, quando, conjugadas com os pronomes clíticos -lo(s) ou la(s), ficam a terminar nas vogais tónicas/tônicas fechadas que se grafam -e ou -o, após a assimilação e perda das consoantes finais grafadas -r, -s ou -z: detê-lo(s) (de deter-lo(s)), fazê-la(s) (de fazer-la(s)), fê-lo(s) (de fez-lo(s)), vê-la(s) (de ver-la(s)), compô la(s) (de compor-la(s)), repô-la(s) (de repor-la(s)), pô-la(s) (de por-la(s) ou pôs-la(s)).

3º-) Prescinde-se de acento gráfico para distinguir palavras oxítonas homógrafas, mas heterofónicas/heterofônicas, do tipo de cor (ô), substantivo, e cor (ó), elemento da locução de cor; colher (ê), verbo, e colher (é), substantivo. Excetua-se a forma verbal pôr, para a distinguir da preposição por.

Da acentuação gráfica das palavras paroxítonas
1º-) As palavras paroxítonas não são em geral acentuadas graficamente: enjoo, grave, homem, mesa, Tejo, vejo, velho, voo; avanço, floresta; abençoo, angolano, brasileiro; descobrimento, graficamente, moçambicano.

2º-) Recebem, no entanto, acento agudo:
a) As palavras paroxítonas que apresentam, na sílaba tónica/tônica, as vogais abertas grafadas a, e, o e ainda i ou u e que terminam em -l, -n, -r, -x e -ps, assim como, salvo raras exceções, as respetivas formas do plural, algumas das quais passam a proparoxítonas: amável (pl. amáveis), Aníbal, dócil (pl. dóceis) dúctil (pl. dúcteis), fóssil (pl. fósseis) réptil (pl. répteis: var. reptil, pl. reptis); cármen (pl. cármenes ou carmens; var. carme, pl. carmes); dólmen (pl. dólmenes ou dolmens), éden (pl. édenes ou edens), líquen (pl. líquenes), lúmen (pl. lúmenes ou lumens); açúcar (pl. açúcares), almíscar (pl. almíscares), cadáver (pl. cadáveres), caráter ou carácter (mas pl. carateres ou caracteres), ímpar (pl. ímpares); Ajax, córtex (pl. córtex; var. córtice, pl. córtices), índex (pl. índex; var. índice, pl. índices), tórax (pl. tórax ou tóraxes; var. torace, pl. toraces); bíceps (pl. bíceps; var. bicípite, pl. bicípites), fórceps (pl. fórceps; var. fórcipe, pl. fórcipes).
Obs.: Muito poucas palavras deste tipo, com as vogais tónicas/tônicas grafadas e e o em fim de sílaba, seguidas das consoantes nasais grafadas m e n, apresentam oscilação de timbre nas pronúncias cultas da língua e, por conseguinte, também de acento gráfico (agudo ou circunflexo): sémen e sêmen, xénon e xênon; fémur e fêmur, vómer e vômer; Fénix e Fênix, ónix e ônix.
b) As palavras paroxítonas que apresentam, na sílaba tónica/tônica, as vogais abertas grafadas a, e, o e ainda i ou u e que terminam em -ã(s), -ão(s), -ei(s), -i(s), -um, -uns ou -us: órfã (pl. órfãs), acórdão (pl. acórdãos), órfão (pl. órfãos), órgão (pl. órgãos), sótão (pl. sótãos); hóquei, jóquei (pl. jóqueis), amáveis (pl. de amável), fáceis (pl. de fácil), fósseis (pl. de fóssil), amáreis (de amar), amáveis (id.), cantaríeis (de cantar), fizéreis (de fazer), fizésseis (id.); beribéri (pl. beribéris), bílis (sg. e pl.), iris (sg. e pl.), júri (pl. júris), oásis (sg. e pl.); álbum (pl. álbuns), fórum (pl. fóruns); húmus (sg. e pl.), vírus (sg. e pl.).
Obs.: Muito poucas paroxítonas deste tipo, com as vogais tónicas/ tônicas grafadas e e o em fim de sílaba, seguidas das consoantes nasais grafadas m e n, apresentam oscilação de timbre nas pronúncias cultas da língua, o qual é assinalado com acento agudo, se aberto, ou circunflexo, se fechado: pónei e pônei; gónis e gônis, pénis e pênis, ténis e tênis; bónus e bônus, ónus e ônus, tónus e tônus, Vénus e Vênus.

3º) Não se acentuam graficamente os ditongos representados por ei e oi da sílaba tónica/tônica das palavras paroxítonas, dado que existe oscilação em muitos casos entre o fechamento e a abertura na sua articulação: assembleia, boleia, ideia, tal como aldeia, baleia, cadeia, cheia, meia; coreico, epopeico, onomatopeico, proteico; alcaloide, apoio (do verbo apoiar), tal como apoio (subst.), Azoia, boia, boina, comboio (subst.), tal como comboio, comboias etc. (do verbo comboiar), dezoito, estroina, heroico, introito, jiboia, moina, paranoico, zoina.

4º-) É facultativo assinalar com acento agudo as formas verbais de pretérito perfeito do indicativo, do tipo amámos, louvámos, para as distinguir das correspondentes formas do presente do indicativo (amamos, louvamos), já que o timbre da vogal tónica/tônica é aberto naquele caso em certas variantes do português.

5º-) Recebem acento circunflexo:
a) As palavras paroxítonas que contêm, na sílaba tónica/tônica, as vogais fechadas com a grafia a, e, o e que terminam em -l, -n, -r ou -x, assim como as respetivas formas do plural, algumas das quais se tornam proparoxítonas: cônsul (pl. cônsules), pênsil (pl. pênseis), têxtil (pl. têxteis); cânon, var. cânone, (pl. cânones), plâncton (pl. plânctons); Almodôvar, aljôfar (pl. aljôfares), âmbar (pl. âmbares), Câncer, Tânger; bômbax (sg. e pl.), bômbix, var. bômbice, (pl. bômbices).
b) As palavras paroxítonas que contêm, na sílaba tónica/tônica, as vogais fechadas com a grafia a, e, o e que terminam em -ão(s), -eis, -i(s) ou -us: benção(s), côvão(s), Estêvão, zángão(s); devêreis (de dever), escrevêsseis (de escrever), fôreis (de ser e ir), fôsseis (id.), pênseis (pl. de pênsil), têxteis (pl. de têxtil); dândi(s), Mênfis; ânus.
c) As formas verbais têm e vêm, 3 a-s pessoas do plural do presente do indicativo de ter e vir, que são foneticamente paroxítonas (respetivamente / t ã j ã j /, / v ã j ã j / ou / t j /, / v j / ou ainda / t j j /, / v j j /; cf. as antigas grafias preteridas, têem, vêem), a fim de se distinguirem de tem e vem, 3a -s pessoas do singular do presente do indicativo ou 2 a-s pessoas do singular do imperativo; e também as correspondentes formas compostas, tais como: abstêm (cf. abstém), advêm (cf. advém), contêm (cf. contém), convêm (cf. convém), desconvêm (cf. desconvém), detêm (cf. detém), entretêm (cf. entretém), intervêm (cf. inter- vém), mantêm (cf. mantém), obtêm (cf. obtém), provêm (cf. provém), sobrevêm (cf. sobrevém).
Obs.: Também neste caso são preteridas as antigas grafias detêem, intervêem, mantêem, provêem etc.

6º-) Assinalam-se com acento circunflexo:
a) Obrigatoriamente, pôde (3ª- pessoa do singular do pretérito perfeito do indicativo), que se distingue da correspondente forma do presente do indicativo (pode).
b) Facultativamente, dêmos (1ª- pessoa do plural do presente do conjuntivo), para se distinguir da correspondente forma do pretérito perfeito do indicativo (demos); fôrma (substantivo), distinta de forma (substantivo: 3ª- pessoa do singular do presente do indicativo ou 2ª- pessoa do singular do imperativo do verbo formar).

7º-) Prescinde-se de acento circunflexo nas formas verbais paroxítonas que contêm um e tónico/tônico oral fechado em hiato com a terminação -em da 3ª- pessoa do plural do presente do indicativo ou do conjuntivo, conforme os casos: creem, deem (conj.), descreem, desdeem (conj.), leem, preveem, redeem (conj.), releem, reveem, tresleem, veem.

8º-) Prescinde-se igualmente do acento circunflexo para assinalar a vogal tónica/tônica fechada com a grafia o em palavras paroxítonas como enjoo, substantivo e flexão de enjoar, povoo, flexão de povoar, voo, substantivo e flexão de voar etc.

9º-) Prescinde-se, do acento agudo e do circunflexo para distinguir palavras paroxítonas que, tendo respectivamente vogal tónica/tônica aberta ou fechada, são homógrafas de palavras proclíticas. Assim, deixam de se distinguir pelo acento gráfico: para (á), flexão de parar, e para, preposição; pela(s) (é), substantivo e flexão de pelar, e pela(s), combinação de per e la(s); pelo (é), flexão de pelar, pelo(s) (ê), substantivo ou combinação de per e lo(s); polo(s) (ó), substantivo, e polo(s), combinação antiga e popular de por e lo(s); etc.

10º-) Prescinde-se igualmente de acento gráfico para distinguir paroxítonas homógrafas heterofónicas/heterofônicas do tipo de acerto (ê), substantivo e acerto (é), flexão de acertar; acordo (ô), substantivo, e acordo (ó), flexão de acordar; cerca (ê), substantivo, advérbio e elemento da locução prepositiva cerca de, e cerca (é), flexão de cercar; coro (ô), substantivo, e coro (ó), flexão de corar; deste (ê), contracção da preposição de com o demonstrativo este, e deste (é), flexão de dar; fora (ô), flexão de ser e ir, e fora (ó), advérbio, interjeição e substantivo; piloto (ô), substantivo e piloto (ó), flexão de pilotar; etc.

Da acentuação das palavras proparoxítonas
1º-) Levam acento agudo:
a) As palavras proparoxítonas que apresentam na sílaba tónica/tônica as vogais abertas grafadas a, e, o e ainda i, u ou ditongo oral começado por vogal aberta: árabe, cáustico, Cleópatra, esquálido, exército, hidráulico, líquido, míope, músico, plástico, prosélito, público, rústico, tétrico, último;
b) As chamadas proparoxítonas aparentes, isto é, que apresentam na sílaba tónica/tônica as vogais abertas grafadas a, e, o e ainda i, u ou ditongo oral começado por vogal aberta, e que terminam por sequências vocálicas pós-tónicas/pós-tônicas praticamente consideradas ditongos crescentes (-ea, -eo, -ia, -ie, -io, -oa, -ua, -uo etc.): álea, náusea; etéreo, níveo; enciclopédia, glória; barbárie, série; lírio, prélio; mágoa, nódoa; exígua, língua; exíguo, vácuo.

2º-) Levam acento circunflexo:
a) As palavras proparoxítonas que apresentam na sílaba tónica/tônica vogal fechada ou ditongo com a vogal básica fechada: anacreôntico, brêtema, cânfora, cômputo, devêramos (de dever), dinâmico, êmbolo, excêntrico, fôssemos (de ser e ir), Grândola, hermenêutica, lâmpada, lôstrego, lôbrego, nêspera, plêiade, sôfrego, sonâmbulo, trôpego;
b) As chamadas proparoxítonas aparentes, isto é, que apresentam vogais fechadas na sílaba tónica/tônica, e terminam por sequências vocálicas pós-tónicas/pós-tônicas praticamente consideradas como ditongos crescentes: amêndoa, argênteo, côdea, Islândia, Mântua, serôdio.

3º-) Levam acento agudo ou acento circunflexo as palavras proparoxítonas, reais ou aparentes, cujas vogais tónicas/tônicas grafadas e ou o estão em final de sílaba e são seguidas das consoantes nasais grafadas m ou n, conforme o seu timbre é, respetivamente, aberto ou fechado nas pronúncias cultas da língua: académico/acadêmico, anatómico/ anatômico, cénico/cênico, cómodo/cômodo, fenómeno/fenômeno, género/gênero, topónimo/topônimo; Amazónia/Amazônia, Antó- nio/Antônio, blasfémia/blasfêmia, fémea/fêmea, gémeo/gêmeo, génio/ gênio, ténue/tênue.

First day of winter -- Northampton -- Primeiro dia de inverno

Paradise Pond and detail from Leonard Baskin's "Owl"

(Baskin, I just learned after taking this shot today, taught printmaking and sculpture at Smith from 1953-1974.)

I set out to get some wintry shots -- we've gotten about two feet of snow in three days -- and these are the favorites. I need to go out again, though, and find some birches. Our friend Pam -- always has the most inspiring projects tucked away and that are once in a while are revealed in glimpses -- sent me an e-mail asking the nearby whereabouts of birches for a photo of a photo she needs to do. She somehow knew I pay attention to these sorts of things rather than others. I told her of some downtown, and on her way she spotted others on a block about two blocks away I never walk down. And, associations being the game today, snow led me to Robert Frost which led me past his snowy woods and onward to his poem, "Birches." We'll see if I stay up late enough to translate it, but here goes the original:

When I see birches bend to left and right

Across the lines of straighter darker trees,

I like to think some boy's been swinging them.

But swinging doesn't bend them down to stay

As ice storms do. Often you must have seen them

Loaded with ice a sunny winter morning

After a rain. They click upon themselves

As the breeze rises, and turn many-colored

As the stir cracks and crazes their enamel.

Soon the sun's warmth makes them shed crystal shells

Shattering and avalanching on the snow crust --

Such heaps of broken glass to sweep away

You'd think the inner dome of heaven had fallen.

They are dragged to the withered bracken by the load,

And they seem not to break; though once they are bowed

So low for long, they never right themselves:

You may see their trunks arching in the woods

Years afterwards, trailing their leaves on the ground

Like girls on hands and knees that throw their hair

Before them over their heads to dry in the sun.

But I was going to say when Truth broke in

With all her matter of fact about the ice storm,

I should prefer to have some boy bend them

As he went out and in to fetch cows --

Some boy too far from town to learn baseball,

Whose only play was what he found himself,

Summer or winter, and could play alone.

One by one he subdued his father's trees

By riding them down over and over again

Until he took the stiffness out of them,

And not one but hung limp, not one was left

For him to conquer. He learned all there was

To learn about not launching out too soon

And so not carrying the tree away

Clear to the ground. He always kept his poise

To the top branches, climbing carefully

With the same pains you use to fill a cup

Up to the brim, and even above the brim.

The he flung outward, feet first, with a swish,

Kicking his way down through the air to the ground.

So was I once myself a swinger of birches.

And so I dream of going back to be.

It's when I'm weary of considerations,

And life is too much like a pathless wood

Where your face burns and tickles with the cobwebs

Broken across it, and one eye is weeping

From a twig's having lashed across it open.

I'd like to get away from the earth awhile

And then come back to it and begin over.

May no fate willfully misunderstand me

And half grant what I wish and snatch me away

Not to return. Earth's the right place for love:

I don't know where it's likely to go better.

I'd like to go by climbing a birch tree,

And climb black branches up a snow-white trunk

Toward heaven, till the tree could bear no more,

But dipped its top and set me down again.

That would be good both going and coming back.

One could do worse than be a swinger of birches.

(1916)

A poem a Saturday

Mark Strand -- (b. 1934, Prince Edward Island). He'll be here at Smith to do a reading on Tues., but alas I have another event I cannot miss, so I'll miss him. He spent 1965 in Brazil and is a translator of Drummond, and their affinity seems clear in this poem, from the collectiion "Sleeping with One Eye Open" (1964).

Keeping Things Whole

In a field
I am the absence
of field.
This is
always the case.
Wherever I am
I am what is missing.

When I walk
I part the air
and always
the air moves in
to fill the spaces
where my body’s been

We all have reasons
for moving.
I move
to keep things whole.

Mantendo inteiras as coisas

Num campo
Eu sou a ausência
de campo.
Isso é
sempre o caso.
Onde eu estiver
eu sou o que está faltando.

Quando eu ando
parto o ar
e sempre
o ar volta
para encher os espaços
onde meu corpo esteve.

Todos temos motivos
para nos movermos.
Eu me movo
para manter inteiras as coisa.

(tradução minha)

Mom and Dad's Mobile Photo Gallery

Congratulations to Mom and Dad for the new mobile wildlife and landscape photography booth which they've put together for arts fairs and farmers' markets in and around the Couer d'Alene area. Here's a couple of images -- the "barraca" itself, and an "alce americano" in Priest Lake.

Obama

I’m still digesting all of the monumentality – historical and emotional – of the election of Barack Obama as president of my country. There’s too much to think and feel through. Overwhelming. Where to begin. Perhaps, with my possessive pronoun above. It’s been some time, perhaps since before any real sense of political awareness or awareness of history, that I’ve been able to fully utter “my” country with a feeling of complete, unqualified pride. There was always pride, in the principles, unperfected but prophetically imagined in the founding of this nation, but it was tinged with a deep ambivalence, an awareness of and responsibility for the still unresolved histories of racist imperial expansion that the nation has protagonized, first on this continent and then ever increasingly abroad. These histories are still there, of course, and are ongoing, but with this election, we have demonstrated hope again not only for the perfectability of our egalitarian founding principles but also a willingness to examine the different sides of that history, to re-consider the ways in which we define our national exceptionality, to perhaps even place ourselves among and not above the rest of the world. This is my hope and pride right now.

I’m thinking hard about two of Obama’s speeches, both worth watching and reading repeatedly. I'm so encouraged by the thought that future generations will read and watch them too. Of course, the victory speech, and its solemn invitation for shared responsibility and continued mobilization to solve the major problems that confront us and that are truly global in scale. After three decades of radical individualism – recall Margaret Thatcher telling us that “society doesn’t exist” – we are reminded of the responsibility we have to each other, to lift each other up and to look out for the vulnerable among us. Call it what you want – communitarianism, neighborliness, fraternity, socialism, whatever – it’s a shift away from the ideology of monadic self-interest that has oriented our public discourse and policy for far too long. I was also impressed again by the invitation in Obama’s rhetorical style to dialogue, to thoughtful, sustained reflection, to open-endedness and complexity. This is a marked shift away from the monologic, blustering, simplistic, from-the-gut certainty that our macho, mediatized culture and perhaps the political moment has seemed to favor in recent years. I think that conservative New York Times commentator David Brooks has it right: the Republican Party has ridden the horse of faux-folksy anti-intellectualism into the ground. (Fox news just reported yesterday that according to campaign aides, Governor Palin did not understand that Africa was a continent, not a country, and did not know what countries were in the North American Free Trade Agreement.) Nobody wants to be patronized or spoken down to, but I think the electorate has demonstrated an awareness that the problems we face and the solutions we need to come up with are complex and will require sustained intellectual effort, reflection, curiosity, and a more profound awareness of the world.

I’ve continued to think about Obama’s Philadelphia speech on race, in the throes of the Jeremiah Wright “scandal.” This semester I’ve been teaching a course on race, national identity, and narrative in Angola, Brazil, and Cuba. As I re-read a number of Brazilian and Cuban writers with my students, I’ve been struck by the possibility of a sort of Latin Americanization of race relations and racial identities in the U.S. as embodied by Obama’s candidacy and its narrative of ancestry and self. Obama is simultaneously our first African-American president-elect and our first mixed-race, mestiço/mestizo, or mulatto president-elect. At the same time we all considered the historical weight of Obama’s candidacy as a Black man, we were reminded of (and some voters perhaps soothed by) his simultaneous Whiteness, even up to the end, as we learned of the death of his grandmother in Hawaii, the “rock” of his family. Obama points to himself as the embodiment of a transcendence of racial division in a way that evokes the discourse of mestiçagem/mestizaje – of race mixture – which became a fundamental dimension of national discourse in both Cuba and Brazil over at least the last 100 years. The effects of this narrative, and its permutations, in actually effectively making progress to resolve racial conflict and inequalities in those two countries should be considered as we contemplate its future here in the U.S. In this vein, a couple of Nicolás Guillén poems keep coming to mind as I think about this election.

The first perhaps evokes Reverend Wright:

Ancestry

Fabio, from what you say,
your grandfather was an archangel with his slaves.
My grandpa, on the other hand,
was a demon with his masters.
Yours died cudgeled.
Mine they hanged.

The second evokes the Obama of Philadelphia, willing, forcing by the fact of his own being, his own two grandfathers to embrace.

Ballad of the Two Grandfathers:

Shadows which only I see,
I'm watched by my two grandfathers.
A bone-point lance,
a drum of hide and wood:
my black grandfather.
A ruff on a broad neck,
a warrior's grey armament:
my white grandfather.

Africa's humid jungles
with thick and muted gongs . . .
"I'm dying!"
(My black grandfather says).
Waters dark with alligators,
mornings green with coconuts . . .
"I'm tired!"
(My white grandfather says).
Oh sails of a bitter wind,
galleon burning for gold . . .
"I'm dying"
(My black grandfather says).
Oh coasts with virgin necks
deceived with beads of glass . . .!
"I'm tired!"
(My white grandfather says).
Oh pure and burnished sun,
imprisoned in the tropic's ring;
Oh clear and rounded moon
above the sleep of monkeys!

So many ships, so many ships!
So many Blacks, so many Blacks!
So much resplendent sugarcane!
How harsh the trader's whip!
A rock of tears and blood,
of veins and eyes half-open,
of empty dawns
and plantation sunsets,
and a great voice, a strong voice,
splitting the silence.
So many ships, so many ships,
so many Blacks!

Shadows which only I see,
I'm watched by my two grandfathers.

Don Federico yells at me
and Taita Facundo is silent;
both dreaming in the night
and walking, walking.
I bring them together.
"Federico!
Facundo!" They embrace. They sigh,
they raise their sturdy heads;
both of equal size,
beneath the high stars;
both of equal size,
a Black longing, a White longing,
both of equal size,
they scream, dream, weep, sing.
They dream, weep, sing.
They week, sing.
Sing!

(translations from Spanish by Roberto Marquez, colleague and new friend in the valley...)